PROPUESTA DE UN MODELO DE NEGOCIOS PARA MEJORAR LA COMPETITIVIDAD DE UNA EMPRESA DISTRIBUIDORA DE PRODUCTOS MASIVOS EN LA REGION AREQUIPA

MODELO DE NEGOCIO SEGMENTOS DE CLIENTES PROPUESTA DE VALOR CANALES DE COMUNICACIÓN Y DISTRIBUCIÓN RELACIÓN CON EL CLIENTE RELACIÓN CON EL CLIENTE FUENTES DE INGRESOS RECURSOS CLAVE ACTIVIDADES CLAVE SOCIOS CLAVE ESTRUCTURA DE COSTES LIENZO DE CANVAS CONCEPTOS DE COMPETITIVIDAD FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LA COMPETITIVIDAD CONCEPTOS DE RELACIÓN Y VÍNCULOS CON LOS CLIENTES CONCEPTOS DE ADMINISTRACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA ESTRATEGIAS DE MERCADO TEORÍA DE MATRICES DIAGNÓSTICO DE LA EMPRESA ANÁLISIS MATRICIAL DE LA EMPRESA ANÁLISIS DEL SECTOR PANIFICACIÓN PROPUESTA DEL MODELO DE NEGOCIOS SEGÚN EL ANÁLISIS DEL MODELO DE ALEXANDER OSTERWALDE

A Five-Year Retroactive Analysis of Cut Score Impact: California’s Proposed Supervised Provisional License Program

A five-year cohort of 39,737 examinees who sat for the California Bar Exam (“CBX”) between 2014-18 was analyzed using a simulation model based on actual exam results to evaluate how the minimum passing scores (“cut score”) of 1440, 1390, 1350, 1330, and 1300, if used as qualifying scores for a provisional licensing program, would affect the number of previous examinees, by race and ethnicity, who would qualify to participate within retroactive groupings of five-year, four-year, three-year, two-year, and one-year examinee cohorts.The result of the simulation models indicated that selecting a qualifying score lower than the current California cut score of 1390 will significantly increase both the overall number of eligible participants and the diversity of the group eligible to participate in the proposed alternate licensing program.This study follows an initial study of 85,727 examinees of the CBX from 2009-18 titled, Examining the California Cut Score: An Empirical Analysis of Minimum Competency, Public Protection, Disparate Impact, and National Standards that determined maintaining a high cut score does not result in greater public protection as measured by disciplinary statistics, but does result in excluding minorities from admission to the bar and the practice of law at rates disproportionately higher than Whites

Reliability and validity of the Student Perceptions of School Cohesion Scale in a sample of Salvadoran secondary school students

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Despite a growing body of research from the United States and other industrialized countries on the inverse association between supportive social relationships in the school and youth risk behavior engagement, research on the measurement of supportive school social relationships in Central America is limited. We examined the psychometric properties of the <it>Student Perceptions of School Cohesion </it>(SPSC) scale, a 10-item scale that asks students to rate with a 5-point Likert-type response scale their perceptions of the school social environment, in a sample of public secondary school students (mean age = 15 years) living in central El Salvador.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Students (n = 982) completed a self-administered questionnaire that included the SPSC scale along with measures of youth health risk behaviors based on the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the factor structure of the scale, and two internal consistency estimates of reliability were computed. Construct validity was assessed by examining whether students who reported low school cohesion were significantly more likely to report physical fighting and illicit drug use.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Results indicated that the SPSC scale has three latent factors, which explained 61.6% of the variance: <it>supportive school relationships, student-school connectedness, and student-teacher connectedness</it>. The full scale and three subscales had good internal consistency (r_s= .87 and α = .84 for the full scale; r_sand α between .71 and .75 for the three subscales). Significant associations were found between the full scale and all three subscales with physical fighting (p ≤ .001) and illicit drug use (p < .05).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Findings provide evidence of reliability and validity of the SPSC for the measurement of supportive school relationships in Latino adolescents living in El Salvador. These findings provide a foundation for further research on school cohesion and health risk behavior in Latino adolescents living in the U.S. and other Latin American countries.</p

Examining the California Cut Score: An Empirical Analysis of Minimum Competency, Public Protection, Disparate Impact, and National Standards

The selection of a minimum bar exam passing score (“cut score”) shapes the representation of racial and ethnic minorities in the legal profession and the quality of access to justice in the state. California and national policy makers have not had the benefit of detailed exam performance data that analyzes the effect of the cut score on race and ethnicity. Because policy makers consider the cut score an important public protection mechanism, this study also explored whether the selection of higher cut scores better protected the public from attorneys who do not have the minimum competence to practice law. To conduct the analysis, the study used two data sets. The first data set included 85,727 examinees who sat for 21 administrations of the CBX from 2009-18 and the race and ethnicity of each examinee. The second data set included the ABA discipline data from up to 48 U.S. jurisdictions from 2013-18 and the cut scores in each jurisdiction. Using the first data set,the study determined how the selection of a minimum cut score (1) widens or narrows the racial and ethnic impacts of the bar exam and/or (2) alters the racial and ethnic composition of new attorneys joining the legal profession. Both historical actual and simulated cut scores were analyzed. Using the second data set, this study examined a third factor: the relationship, if any, between minimum cut scores and rates of attorney discipline. This analysis determined that initial and eventual passing rates differed significantly between racial and ethnic groups, and this gap was wider at higher simulated cut scores. A simulation analysis using actual examinee scores confirmed that selecting a lower cut score would have significantly narrowed the achievement gap between Whites and racial and ethnic minorities and would have increased the number of newly admitted minority attorneys in California. For example, at 1440, the achievement gap between Whites and Blacks was 27.4 percentage points. But at a simulated cut score of 1300, the achievement gap between these two groups would have been only 14.5 percentage points. This 12.9 percentage point difference in the achievement gap at 1440 and 1300 demonstrates a disparate effect of the higher cut scores. Using the second data set about disciplinary statistics, the study determined that no relationship exists between the selection of a cut score and the number of complaints, formal charges, or disciplinary actions taken against attorneys in the jurisdictions studied. California’s recent decision to lower the cut score from 1440 to 1390 moved California from having the second-highest cut score to the fourth-highest cut score in the country. However, the report data established that at 1390 California will continue to produce significantly disparate pass rates on the basis of race and ethnicity when compared to the national norm of 1350, the New York standard of 1330, and the simulated model of 1300. This study establishes that maintaining a high cut score does not result in greater public protection as measured by disciplinary statistics but does result in excluding minorities from admission to the bar and the practice of law at rates disproportionately higher than Whites

Influence of food quality on larval growth of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the Gulf of Mexico

Larval abundances of Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABT) in the Gulf of Mexico are currently utilized to inform future recruitment by providing a proxy for the spawning potential of western ABT stock. Inclusion of interannual variations in larval growth is a key advance needed to translate larval abundance to recruitment success. However, little is known about the drivers of growth variations during the first weeks of life. We sampled patches of western ABT larvae in 3–4 day Lagrangian experiments in May 2017 and 2018, and assessed age and growth rates from sagittal otoliths relative to size categories of zooplankton biomass and larval feeding behaviors from stomach contents. Growth rates were similar, on average, between patches (0.37 versus 0.39 mm d−1) but differed significantly through ontogeny and were correlated with a food limitation index, highlighting the importance of prey availability. Otolith increment widths were larger for postflexion stages in 2018, coincident with high feeding on preferred prey (mainly cladocerans) and presumably higher biomass of more favorable prey type. Faster growth reflected in the otolith microstructures may improve survival during the highly vulnerable larval stages of ABT, with direct implications for recruitment processes.En prensa1,74

Selection on dispersal drives evolution of metabolic capacities for energy production in female wing-polymorphic sand field crickets, Gryllus firmus

Life history and metabolism covary, but the mechanisms and individual traits responsible for these linkages remain unresolved. Dispersal capability is a critical component of life histories that is constrained by metabolic capacities for energy production. Conflicting relationships between metabolism and life histories may be explained by accounting for variation in dispersal and maximal metabolic rates. We used female wing-polymorphic sand field crickets, Gryllus firmus, selected either for long wings (LW) and flight-capability or short wings (SW) and high early lifetime fecundity to test the hypothesis that selection on dispersal capability drives the evolution of metabolic capacities. While resting metabolic rates were similar, long-winged crickets reached higher maximal metabolic rates than short-winged crickets, resulting in improved running performance. We further provided insight into the mechanisms responsible for covariation between life history and metabolism by comparing mitochondrial content of tissues involved in powering locomotion and assessing function of mitochondria isolated from long- and short-winged crickets. This demonstrated that larger metabolic capacities in long-winged crickets were underpinned by increases in mitochondrial content of dorsoventral flight muscle and enhanced bioenergetic capacities of mitochondria within the fat body, a tissue responsible for fuel storage and mobilization. Thus, selection on flight-capability remodels metabolism in a trait and tissue-specific manner to enlarge metabolic capacities necessary for dispersal

Dependencia a colistina debida a la pérdida de lipolisacáridos en Acinetobacter baumannii

Motivación: Determinar la causa genotípica de la dependencia a colistina (1) en Acinetobacter baumannii de estirpes seleccionadas resistentes a colistina, el cual es un antibiótico muy utilizado en clínica para combatir cepas múltirresistentes. Estos mutantes presentan una mutación de pérdida de función en genes esenciales para la biosíntesis del lípido A, que forma parte del lipopolisacáridos (LPS). Henry et al. demostraron que estas estirpes sin LPS tienen alterados los niveles de expresión de otros genes que dan lugar, entre otras cosas, al incremento de sistemas de transporte de lipoproteínas, fosfolípidos y exopolisacáridos para compensar la pérdida del LPS en la membrana externa (2). Por tanto, este fenómeno produce la modificación de la membrana con la consecuente resistencia a colistina y un aumento de permeabilidad.Métodos: Se utilizaron cinco cepas clínicas multirresistentes aisladas de pacientes infectados en las UCIs del hospital Virgen del Rocío, una estirpe tipo sensible. Además, se incluyó una estirpe resistente a colistina con una modificación en el LPS en lugar de ausencia del mismo. Para visualizar la dependencia a colistina, en primer lugar se realizaron ensayos E-test en placas de medio rico con Mueller Hinton Broth (MBHII), usando tiras de colistina. El efecto de dependencia a colistina se estudió en curvas de crecimiento en medio líquido MHBII en agitación a 37ºC en placas multipocillos, comparando el número de ufc/ml de la misma estirpe en ausencia o presencia de colistina a 5 μg/ml.Resultados: Todas las estipes clínicas presentaron una concentración mínima inhibitoria a colistina &gt;256 μg/ml, mientras que la de la estirpe tipo resistente a colistina fue de 48 μg/ml y la cepa con LPS modificado fue 32 μg/ml. Sólo en las cepas sin LPS se observó un halo de mayor crecimiento alrededor de la tira en comparación a la zona alejada de la misma, lo que indica la dependencia a este antibiótico.Respecto a la curva de crecimiento, la presencia de colistina aceleró la entrada en fase exponencial en todas las estirpes en comparación al medio rico sin colistina, alcanzando 1,71 veces más crecimiento en colistina a las 24 horas.Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados muestran que la pérdida de LPS no sólo confiere resistencia a colistina si no que además crea una dependencia a este antibiótico. Sin embargo, este fenómeno de dependencia a colistina no ocurre si la resistencia se ha adquirido por modificación del LPS